Halacha
הלכה א
כָּל הַמְבָרֵךְ בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן אוֹ בְּרָכָה אַחַת מֵעֵין שָׁלֹשׁ צָרִיךְ לְבָרֵךְ אוֹתָהּ בַּמָּקוֹם שֶׁאָכַל. אָכַל כְּשֶׁהוּא מְהַלֵּךְ יוֹשֵׁב בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁפָּסַק וִיבָרֵךְ. אָכַל כְּשֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד יוֹשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וִיבָרֵךְ. שָׁכַח לְבָרֵךְ בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן וְנִזְכַּר קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּתְעַכֵּל הַמָּזוֹן שֶׁבְּמֵעָיו מְבָרֵךְ בַּמָּקוֹם שֶׁנִּזְכַּר. וְאִם הָיָה מֵזִיד חוֹזֵר לִמְקוֹמוֹ וּמְבָרֵךְ. וְאִם בֵּרֵךְ בַּמָּקוֹם שֶׁנִּזְכַּר יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ. וְכֵן אִם בֵּרֵךְ כְּשֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד אוֹ כְּשֶׁהוּא מְהַלֵּךְ יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ. וּלְכַתְּחִלָּה לֹא יְבָרֵךְ בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן וְלֹא בְּרָכָה שֶׁמֵּעֵין שָׁלֹשׁ אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהוּא יוֹשֵׁב וּבַמָּקוֹם שֶׁאָכַל:
כסף משנה
1.
Everyone who recites grace or the single blessing that includes the three [blessings of grace] should recite these blessings in the place where he ate. If he ate while walking, he should sit down where he concluded eating and recite the blessings. If he ate while standing, he should sit down in his place and recite grace.If a person forgets to recite grace and remembers before his food becomes digested, he may recite grace in the place where he remembers. If he intentionally [did not recite grace in the place where he ate], he should return to his place and recite grace. Should he recite grace in the place where he remembers, he fulfills his obligation.
Similarly, a person who recites grace while standing or while walking fulfills his obligation. Nevertheless, at the outset, a person should not recite grace or the single blessing which includes the three [blessings of grace] except when he is seated in the place where he ate.
הלכה ב
מִי שֶׁנִּסְתַּפֵּק לוֹ אִם בֵּרֵךְ הַמּוֹצִיא אוֹ לֹא בֵּרֵךְ הַמּוֹצִיא אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִן הַתּוֹרָה. שָׁכַח לְבָרֵךְ הַמּוֹצִיא. אִם נִזְכַּר עַד שֶׁלֹּא גָּמַר סְעֻדָּתוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ וְאִם נִזְכַּר לְאַחַר שֶׁגָּמַר אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ:
כסף משנה
2.
A person who is in doubt whether he recited the blessing hamotzi or not should not repeat the blessing, because it is not required by the Torah.A person who forgets to recite hamotzi should recite the blessing if he remembers before he completes his meal. If he remembers after he completed his meal, he should not recite the blessing.
הלכה ג
הָיָה אוֹכֵל בְּבַיִת זֶה וּפָסַק סְעֻדָּתוֹ וְהָלַךְ לְבַיִת אַחֵר. אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה אוֹכֵל וּקְרָאָהוּ חֲבֵרוֹ לְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ וְיָצָא לוֹ לְפֶתַח בֵּיתוֹ וְחָזַר הוֹאִיל וְשִׁנָּה מְקוֹמוֹ צָרִיךְ לְבָרֵךְ לְמַפְרֵעַ עַל מַה שֶּׁאָכַל וְחוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ בַּתְּחִלָּה הַמּוֹצִיא וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִגְמֹר סְעֻדָּתוֹ:
כסף משנה
3.
[The following rules apply when] a person was eating in one house, interrupted his meal, and went to another house, or when a friend called to him and he went out the doorway of his house to speak to him: When he returns, he is required to recite grace after what he originally ate, and to recite hamotzi again because he changed his place. [Only] after this, may he complete his meal.הלכה ד
חֲבֵרִים שֶׁהָיוּ יוֹשְׁבִים לֶאֱכל וְיָצְאוּ לִקְרַאת חָתָן אוֹ לִקְרַאת כַּלָּה. אִם הִנִּיחוּ שָׁם זָקֵן אוֹ חוֹלֶה חוֹזְרִין לִמְקוֹמָן וְגוֹמְרִין סְעֻדָּתָן וְאֵינָן צְרִיכִין לְבָרֵךְ שְׁנִיָּה. וְאִם לֹא הִנִּיחוּ שָׁם אָדָם כְּשֶׁהֵן יוֹצְאִין צְרִיכִין בְּרָכָה לְמַפְרֵעַ וּכְשֶׁהֵן חוֹזְרִין צְרִיכִין בְּרָכָה לְכַתְּחִלָּה:
כסף משנה
4.
[The following rules apply when] friends joined to eat a meal together and [interrupted their meal to] go out to greet a groom or a bride: If they left an old man or a sick person [in the place where they ate], they may return to their place and complete their meal without having to recite a second blessing.If they did not leave an old man or a sick person [in the place where they ate], when they depart they are required to recite a blessing after eating. When they return, they must recite a blessing before [beginning to eat again].
הלכה ה
וְכֵן אִם הָיוּ מְסֻבִּין בִּשְׁתִיָּה אוֹ לֶאֱכל פֵּרוֹת. שֶׁכָּל הַמְשַׁנֶּה מְקוֹמוֹ הֲרֵי פָּסַק אֲכִילָתוֹ וּלְפִיכָךְ מְבָרֵךְ לְמַפְרֵעַ עַל מַה שֶּׁאָכַל וְחוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ שְׁנִיָּה לְכַתְּחִלָּה עַל מַה שֶּׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לֶאֱכל. וְהַמְשַׁנֶּה מְקוֹמוֹ מִפִּנָּה לְפִנָּה בְּבַיִת אֶחָד אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לַחֲזֹר וּלְבָרֵךְ. אָכַל בְּמִזְרָחָהּ שֶׁל תְּאֵנָה וּבָא לֶאֱכל בְּמַעֲרָבָהּ צָרִיךְ לַחֲזֹר וּלְבָרֵךְ:
כסף משנה
5.
Similar laws apply when people drink together as a group or eat fruits together. Whenever one changes one's place, it is considered as if he interrupted his eating. Therefore, he must recite a blessing after what he ate and must recite a second blessing before partaking of any other foods.A person who changes his place from one corner to another in the same room need not recite another blessing. In contrast, a person who ate on the east side of a fig tree and goes to eat on the west side of the fig tree must recite another blessing.
הלכה ו
בֵּרֵךְ עַל הַפַּת פָּטַר אֶת הַפַּרְפֶּרֶת שֶׁאוֹכְלִין בָּהֶן הַפַּת מִמִּינֵי הַתַּבְשִׁיל וּפֵרוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. אֲבָל אִם בֵּרֵךְ עַל הַפַּרְפֶּרֶת לֹא פָּטַר אֶת הַפַּת. בֵּרֵךְ עַל מַעֲשֵׂה קְדֵרָה פָּטַר אֶת הַתַּבְשִׁיל בֵּרֵךְ עַל הַתַּבְשִׁיל לֹא פָּטַר אֶת מַעֲשֵׂה קְדֵרָה:
כסף משנה
6.
When a person recites a blessing on bread, it also includes1This halachah has raised questions among the commentaries. TheKessef Mishneh, the Lechem Mishneh, and others interpret this halachah as referring to the blessings before eating. Thus, with regard to bread, it is to a large part analogous to Halachah 11.In this context, the Kessef Mishneh asks why the Rambam did not mention these laws in the context of Chapter 3, Halachot 5-7, which state the rule that the blessing on primary foods includes secondary foods. The Kessef Mishneh answers that those halachot describe a situation where the person has no desire to eat the secondary food in its own right and eats it only because of the primary food. In this halachah, the Rambam is speaking about an instance in which one desires to eat the other foods; nevertheless, they are included in the blessing recited over bread because bread includes all other foods.
The Rishon LeTzion offers a different interpretation, which appears more appropriate to the context in which the laws are discussed. Here, the Rambam is speaking only about the blessing recited after eating. the appetizers2In his Commentary on the Mishnah,Berachot 6:5 (the source for this halachah), the Rambam defines the term פרפרת as לפתן, which is generally translated as "relish." Note the Tur and the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 176:1), which offer a different interpretation of the term פרפרת. eaten together with bread3This does not refer only to instances when these foods are eaten while placed on bread, but also to times when they are eaten at a meal at which bread is served. - e.g., cooked food or fruit.4Because the main element of a meal is considered to be bread, reciting a blessing upon it - either before or after partaking of it - includes the other foods that are eaten together with it. Reciting a blessing on these foods, however, does not include bread.5The commentaries question why this clause is necessary according to the Rambam's definition of פרפרת. It is obvious that bread would not be considered secondary to any other foods.
Reciting a blessing on cooked grains6Our translation is based on the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah (loc. cit.) and on Chapter 3, Halachah 4. includes cooked food.7Since the cooked grains are considered "sustaining food" and have been granted a special blessing which includes (in synopsis) all the blessings of grace, reciting a blessing over them includes other cooked dishes eaten with them.
The Rishon LeTzion emphasizes that this applies to cooked foods that are eaten together with the grains. Otherwise, it would be difficult to understand how the blessing for the grains could cover foods that require other blessings. Note also the Kessef Mishneh, which offers an alternate explanation. Reciting a blessing on cooked food, however, does not include cooked grains.8Since these cooked foods are not as satisfying as grains, the blessing recited over them cannot include grains.
Several commentaries have raised the question that from Berachot 42b, it appears that the Rambam's decision follows the School of Shammai and not the School of Hillel. The clearest resolution of the difficulty is offered by the Rishon LeTzion, who explains that the Rambam's decision is based on the Jerusalem Talmud (Berachot 6:5). When the passage from the Babylonian Talmud is studied in the light of the passage from the Jerusalem Talmud, the Rambam's ruling is no longer difficult.
This relates to a concept frequently discussed by students of the Rambam: Does the Rambam accept the principle that when there is a difference of opinion between the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud, the Halachah follows the Babylonian Talmud, or not?
הלכה ז
גָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ מִלֶּאֱכל אוֹ מִלִּשְׁתּוֹת וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִמְלַךְ לֶאֱכל אוֹ לִשְׁתּוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא שִׁנָּה מְקוֹמוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ. וְאִם לֹא גָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ אֶלָּא דַּעְתּוֹ לַחֲזֹר לֶאֱכל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת אֲפִלּוּ פָּסַק כָּל הַיּוֹם כֻּלּוֹ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְבָרֵךְ שֵׁנִית:
כסף משנה
7.
A person who decides not to continue eating or drinking,1The Kessef Mishneh cites Pesachim 103b, which states that once a person diverts his attention from drinking wine, he must recite another blessing when he begins drinking again.The Ra'avad notes that the passage from Pesachim (loc. cit.) mentions only drinking and does not discuss eating, and on that basis protests against the Rambam's equation of the two. From Berachot 42a, however, it appears that similar principles apply with regard to eating. and afterwards changes his mind and [desires to] eat or drink, must recite another blessing2before partaking of the food or drink. He is not, however, required to recite a blessing after the first food or drink. Rather, he is required to recite only a single blessing after he completes eating. although he has not changed his place.3As mentioned in Halachot 3-5, a person who changes his place while eating must recite both a blessing after the food he has eaten previously and a blessing over the food he plans to eat in his new place.
Many authorities do not accept the Rambam's decision with regard to a meal that includes bread. When a person sits down to such a meal, he is considered to have fixed his attention on eating. People frequently become drawn into eating more than they originally intended at such meals. Thus, a person's decision not to continue eating is not considered final, since it is quite possible that he will change his mind and decide to eat again. (See Shulchan Aruch HaRav 179:1).
Based on these principles, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 179:1) rules that, although once a person has decided to cease eating or drinking a new blessing is generally required, when partaking of a meal it is not sufficient to make a mental decision, and a person must wash before grace to be considered to have ceased eating. If he did not decide [to cease] eating or drinking and had in mind to continue4eating at a later time - even if he5remained in the place in which he ate originally, and made an interruption for the entire day6The Rambam's terminology appears to be a stylistic exaggeration. If a person waits long enough for the food he has eaten to digest, it would appear that he is required to recite another blessing before beginning to eat again (Kin’at Eliyahu). - he is not required to recite a second blessing.7before partaking of more food or drink.
הלכה ח
הָיוּ שׁוֹתִין וְאָמְרוּ בּוֹאוּ וּנְבָרֵךְ בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן אוֹ בּוֹאוּ וּנְקַדֵּשׁ קִדּוּשׁ הַיּוֹם נֶאֱסַר עֲלֵיהֶם לִשְׁתּוֹת עַד שֶׁיְּבָרְכוּ אוֹ יְקַדְּשׁוּ. וְאִם רָצוּ לַחֲזֹר וְלִשְׁתּוֹת קֹדֶם שֶׁיְּבָרְכוּ אוֹ יְקַדְּשׁוּ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָם רַשָּׁאִים צְרִיכִים לַחֲזֹר וּלְבָרֵךְ תְּחִלָּה בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגָּפֶן וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִשְׁתּוּ. אֲבָל אִם אָמְרוּ בּוֹאוּ וְנַבְדִּיל אֵין צְרִיכִין לַחֲזֹר וּלְבָרֵךְ:
כסף משנה
8.
When people who are sitting together1after having completed a meal and drinking say2This refers to a consensus agreed to by all the participants, and not a mere suggestion raised by a single individual. "Let us recite grace," or "Let us recite kiddush,"3i.e., they were eating on Friday afternoon or the afternoon before a festival. From sunset onward, it is forbidden to continue eating until one recites kiddush. It is, however, possible to recite kiddush early (see Hilchot Shabbat 29:11). Once the people agree to recite kiddush, they may no longer continue their meal (Kessef Mishneh). they are4considered to have diverted their attention from drinking, as mentioned in the previous halachah. Hence, they are forbidden to continue drinking until they recite grace or kiddush.5The Turei Zahav 179:2 states that, according to the authorities who differ with the Rambam on the previous halachah, if one's desire to drink stems from having eaten, one may continue to drink at this point. Should they desire to drink more6although they are not permitted to do so - i.e., they are obligated to recite grace orkiddush before drinking. Should they desire to ignore that obligation and drink immediately, - although they are not permitted to do so - before reciting grace or kiddush, they are required to recite the blessing borey pri hagafen before drinking.7because, as mentioned in the previous halachah, the blessing they recited originally does not cover any drink consumed after they concluded drinking. In contrast, should they say, "Let us recite havdalah," they are not required to recite a blessing [should they continue drinking].8The difference between kiddush and havdalah is that kiddush initiates the Sabbath. Accordingly, the respect due to the Sabbath adds importance to the diversion of our attention from drinking implied by the statement, "Let us recite kiddush." In contrast, havdalah marks the beginning of the week, which we are not required to treat with such distinction. Thus, as Hilchot Shabbat 29:12 states, a person is not required to interrupt his meal at nightfall on Saturday, but may continue and recite havdalah when he concludes eating (Radbaz).24. Berachot 59b emphasizes that this blessing is recited only when one drinks in a company. When one drinks alone, this blessing should not be recited, because it praises God for "being good" - i.e., to me - and "doing good" - for others (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 175:4).25. Tosafot, Berachot (loc. cit.) notes that the Sages instituted this blessing only for different types of wine and not for different types of bread or meat, since wine has two positive qualities: It satisfies a person's appetite and lifts his spirits.26. Rashi, Berachot (loc. cit.), states that this blessing should be recited only when the second type of wine is better than the first. If the first type of wine is better, no blessing should be recited. The commentaries maintain that the Rambam differs and maintains that the blessing should be recited whenever one changes types of wine. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 175:2-3) rules that if one knows that the second type of wine is of a lesser quality than the first, the blessing should not be recited.
הלכה ט
הָיוּ מְסֻבִּין לִשְׁתּוֹת יַיִן וּבָא לָהֶן מִין יַיִן אַחֵר כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיוּ שׁוֹתִין אָדֹם וְהֵבִיאוּ שָׁחֹר אוֹ יָשָׁן וְהֵבִיאוּ חָדָשׁ אֵינָן צְרִיכִין לְבָרֵךְ בִּרְכַּת הַיַּיִן פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה. אֲבָל מְבָרְכִין בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם הַטּוֹב וְהַמֵּטִיב:
כסף משנה
9.
When a company who gathered together to drink wine were served another type of wine - e.g., they were drinking red wine and black wine was brought, or they were drinking aged wine and fresh wine was brought - they need not recite a second blessing over wine. They should, however, recite the following blessing: "Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who is good and does good."הלכה י
אֵין מְבָרְכִין עַל אֹכֶל מִן כָּל הָאֳכָלִין וְלֹא עַל מַשְׁקֶה מִן כָּל הַמַּשְׁקִין עַד שֶׁיָּבוֹא לְפָנָיו. וְאִם בֵּרֵךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ הֱבִיאוֹ לְפָנָיו צָרִיךְ לַחֲזֹר וּלְבָרֵךְ. נָטַל אֹכֶל וּבֵרֵךְ עָלָיו וְנָפַל מִיָּדוֹ וְנִשְׂרַף אוֹ שְׁטָפוֹ נָהָר נוֹטֵל אַחֵר וְחוֹזֵר וּמְבָרֵךְ עָלָיו אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא מֵאוֹתוֹ הַמִּין. וְצָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד עַל בְּרָכָה רִאשׁוֹנָה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא לְהוֹצִיא שֵׁם שָׁמַיִם לְבַטָּלָה. עוֹמֵד אָדָם עַל אַמַּת הַמַּיִם וּמְבָרֵךְ וְשׁוֹתֶה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַמַּיִם שֶׁהָיוּ לְפָנָיו בִּשְׁעַת הַבְּרָכָה אֵינָם הַמַּיִם שֶׁשָּׁתָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלְּכָךְ נִתְכַּוֵּן תְּחִלָּה:
כסף משנה
10.
A person should not recite a blessing over any food or drink until it is brought before him.1The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 206:4) states that a person should hold the food in his right hand before reciting the blessing for it. If he2ignored the above directive and recited a blessing, and then the food was brought before him,3The blessing is considered to be in vain, and before partaking of the food, he must recite a second blessing.4There are some authorities who maintain that even though the food was not before one at the time the blessing was recited, if one was absolutely sure that it would be brought before him immediately, he can rely on that blessing (Mishneh Berurah 206:19).When a person took food in his hand and recited a blessing, but [before he could eat it] it fell from his hand and was burned or washed away by a river,5or in any other way became inedible he should take other food and recite another blessing.6i.e., the first blessing is no longer in effect ,and a second blessing must be recited before eating. [This applies] even when the food is of the same species.7The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 206:6) adds, "and even if the other fruit was before him when he recited the blessing originally." The Ramah (based on the Hagahot Maimoniot) differs, and maintains that if he originally intended to partake of the other fruit as well, it is included in the first blessing and he should eat it without hesitation so that the blessing will not have to be repeated. He should also say, "Blessed be the Name of Him whose glorious kingdom is forever and ever" for the first blessing, so that he will not be considered to have recited a blessing in vain.8See Chapter 1, Halachah 15, which discusses the seriousness of reciting a blessing in vain. See also Hilchot Sh'vuot 12:9-11, where the Rambam discusses related concepts, concluding:
The Torah has adjured us "to fear [His] glorious and awesome name." Included in this fear is that it should not be mentioned in vain. If, because of a slip of the tongue, one mentioned God's name in vain, one should immediately praise and laud... it.
A person may stand over a stream of water, recite a blessing, and drink.9The Jerusalem Talmud (Berachot 6:1) mentions this instance as a contrast to the previous law. Although the water that was before him at the time he recited the blessing is not the water he drinks, this was his original intention.10He knew that the water would continue to flow. When he recited the blessing on the water, his intent was on water from the stream and not on the particular water before him at the time he recited the blessing.
הלכה יא
דְּבָרִים הַבָּאִים בְּתוֹךְ הַסְּעֻדָּה וְהֵן מֵחֲמַת הַסְּעֻדָּה אֵינָן צְרִיכִין בְּרָכָה לִפְנֵיהֶם וְלֹא לְאַחֲרֵיהֶם אֶלָּא בִּרְכַּת הַמּוֹצִיא שֶׁבַּתְּחִלָּה וּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן שֶׁבַּסּוֹף פּוֹטֶרֶת הַכּל שֶׁהַכּל טְפֵלָה לַסְּעֻדָּה. וּדְבָרִים שֶׁאֵינָן מֵחֲמַת הַסְּעֻדָּה שֶׁבָּאוּ בְּתוֹךְ הַסְּעֻדָּה טְעוּנִין בְּרָכָה לִפְנֵיהֶם וְלֹא לְאַחֲרֵיהֶם. וּדְבָרִים הַבָּאִים לְאַחַר הַסְּעֻדָּה בֵּין מֵחֲמַת הַסְּעֻדָּה בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא מֵחֲמַת הַסְּעֻדָּה טְעוּנִין בְּרָכָה לִפְנֵיהֶן וּלְאַחֲרֵיהֶם:
כסף משנה
11.
Foods that are eaten within the meal, because of the meal,1The Rambam's statements are quoted, with slight changes, from Berachot 41b. In his commentary on this passage, Rashi defines this first category of foods as relishes eaten with bread. He explains that other foods - e.g., cereals or vegetables - although they are eaten as part of a meal, require an independent blessing.Tosafot differs, and maintains that any food that is eaten as part of a meal - e.g., the foods mentioned by Rashi, meat or fish - is included in this category. Even if they are not eaten with bread, merely at the same meal, they do not require a blessing beforehand or afterward.2The commentaries question whether the Rambam's position follows that of Rashi or Tosafot. The following sentence (which is the Rambam's addition to Berachot, loc. cit.) sheds light on the question. Rather, the blessing hamotzi that is recited in the beginning and the grace recited afterward include everything, because everything is secondary to the meal.3This sentence explains the rationale for this ruling. These foods are not eaten casually during the day, but rather are eaten only as part of a meal, with the intent of satiating one's appetite. Accordingly, they are considered as secondary to bread, which is the primary element of the meal (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 177:1). Accordingly, we follow the ruling mentioned in Chapter 3, Halachah 5, that the blessing on primary foods includes secondary foods.
This explanation appears to indicate that the Rambam followsTosafot's interpretation. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 171:1) also rules accordingly. The Magen Avraham 177:1, however, postulates that it is logical to assume that this ruling applies only when bread is eaten throughout the meal. If only a small amount of bread is eaten at the beginning of a meal, and no bread is eaten while the main course is being eaten, it is questionable whether the blessing over the bread covers these foods.
Foods that are eaten within the meal, but do not come because of the meal,4This refers to fruits and the like, which are not satisfying food and are eaten throughout the day, frequently outside the context of a meal, but at times within the context of a meal. This indicates that they are not necessarily connected with the meal and, therefore, are not included in the blessing hamotzi. Accordingly, they require a blessing before partaking of them, but do not require a blessing afterward.5Since they are eaten within the meal, they also satisfy a person's appetite. Accordingly, they are included in the blessing that is required by the commandment, "When you have eaten and are satiated, you shall bless...."
The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:1,3, based on Rabbenu Asher's commentary on Berachot, loc. cit.) mentions two instances when fruit is included in the blessing hamotzi:
a) When the fruits are eaten on bread itself,b) When one eats a meal of fruit - i.e., the fruit is served to satiate one's appetite.
Foods that are eaten after the meal, whether because of the meal6i.e., foods served to satiate one's appetite or independent of the meal,7fruits, desserts, or drinks require a blessing beforehand and afterward.8Tosafot (Berachot, loc. cit.) states that this law does not apply at present. Our eating habits have changed, and bread is constantly before us during a meal, and it is customary to partake of it at all times.
The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:2) accepts Tosafot's position. The Magen Avraham 177:7 adds that even at large feasts, when it is customary to eat desert without eating bread, a new blessing is not required because, in Talmudic times, bread and the main course were served on a small table, which was then removed, and dessert was served on a new table. Thus, the dessert appeared as a separate meal and required separate blessings. In contrast, at present, desert is served on the same table on which the bread was served. Hence, it is still considered a continuation of the same meal and does not require a separate blessing.
הלכה יב
בְּשַׁבָּתוֹת וּבְיָמִים טוֹבִים וּבִסְעוּדַת הַקָּזַת הַדָּם וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁיָּצָא מִן הַמֶּרְחָץ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן שֶׁאָדָם קוֹבֵעַ סְעֻדָּתוֹ עַל הַיַּיִן. אִם בֵּרֵךְ עַל הַיַּיִן שֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַמָּזוֹן פָּטַר אֶת הַיַּיִן שֶׁשָּׁתָה לְאַחַר הַמָּזוֹן קֹדֶם שֶׁיְּבָרֵךְ בִּרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן. אֲבָל בִּשְׁאָר הַיָּמִים צָרִיךְ לַחֲזֹר וּלְבָרֵךְ בַּתְּחִלָּה עַל הַיַּיִן שֶׁל אַחַר הַמָּזוֹן. בָּא לָהֶן יַיִן בְּתוֹךְ הַמָּזוֹן כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מְבָרֵךְ לְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁאֵין בֵּית הַבְּלִיעָה פָּנוּי שֶׁיַּעֲנוּ אָמֵן וְאֵינוֹ פּוֹטֵר אֶת הַיַּיִן שֶׁלְּאַחַר הַמָּזוֹן:
כסף משנה
12.
On Sabbaths, on festivals, at the meal after one lets blood or leaves the bath, and the like, when a person makes wine a primary element of his meal, if he recites a blessing on wine before eating his meal, that blessing includes the wine that he drinks after the meal, before he recites grace. In contrast, on other days, a person should recite another blessing on wine that is drunk after the meal.If wine is served to a company in the midst of the meal, each person should recite a blessing by himself, because one's mouth may not be empty to recite Amen. [This blessing] does not include the wine that is drunk after the meal.